A Comparative Analysis of the Writings of Jack London and...

London and Crane: Death Many authors fixate on a theme through much of their writing. Of course, if one is at all prolific, they have to write based on more than one, but, often, it seems that writers have a particular bent that controls them. A good example is Edgar Allen Poe who was shaped by misery and self-loathing. His life reflected that as much as his writing, and he seemed to believe that it was his lot to find some unrighteous ending. Another writer who was consumed by a particular phantom was Jack London. Among the many writers who would eventually commit suicide, London always held death at bay just by the slimmest of margins. His stories seemed to be about adventure and winning the struggle against the wilderness, but in the background the reaper was always present. Stephen Crane was another that battled death in his writing because he seemed to want to know how he would handle it. This paper compares the writings of Jack London and Stephen Crane as they explore the subje ct of mortality. Short Biography It must first be noted that the two writers were very different, even though they wrote at about the same time. Crane was a journalist as well as a writer who was a war correspondent in several small conflicts around the turn of the century. He died very young (28) after being a prolific writer for a decade. It is amazing to think that someone who was so young could have written the deep and introspective The Red Badge of Courage. 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Existentialism studies being, aims to find meaning of life

Essay Sample on Existentialism Existentialism is defined as the study of being. It is a philosophy that struggles to find the true meaning and purpose of life. Existentialism therefore deals with the choices and ambiguity brought about by the circumstances that man must deal with when making life choices. In its explanation, existentialism states that the decision is important because it defines us as human beings and that every time we make a choice, we do it for the whole mankind since it is that act of choosing or decision that we create what it means to be human (The Atheist Scholar, 2012). The philosophy date back to the 19th century and was greatly influenced by the Russian novelist Ftyondor Dostoesvsky. Soren Kierkegaard made it fully develop as well as Martin Heidegger. However, the philosophy reached its completion as a philosophy in the 20th century following the contribution of the prominent French philosophers’ jean Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir and Albert Camus. Ever since, the philosophy got roots and spread and it was embraced by intellectuals worldwide including America where William Barret and Hazel Barnes were important thinkers who propagated existential thought in the U.S. The Holocaust was the time in history between 1933 and 1945 when the leader of Germany, the great dictator Adolf Hitler used his power and believes that the Germans were the better race and consequently applied torturous and in humane methods to eliminate the Jews (JVL, 2013). Hitler’s method began with legislation and terror which included burning Jew’s books, and removing them from the professional and public schools. The extremes came when the Nuremberg Laws were enacted in 1935 and formed the legal basis for the exclusion of the Jews from the Germany society and restricting their policies. The continued reign of Hitler established hatred against the Jews and he wanted to eliminate the in German and the whole of Europe, consequently, the Jews were confined to the ghettos. They were later deported into the death camps where they were executed in what Hitler called the Final solution. The torture the Jews underwent and the great number of death had a long lasting impac t on the Jews life and on religion as a whole. The destruction caused by the holocaust cut so deeply in the Jewish community and it remains a major question if the community will ever be fully healed from its effects. This is particularly the loss of a large number of lives and the loss of religious faith. The holocaust witnessed the extermination of thirty percent of the Jewish community including scholars, children, students, teachers of Torah and religious leaders; Rabbis (Irving, 1982). On top of all these, the extent of evil that was encountered by the survivors of the holocaust during the event created a rupture in the traditional religious thought which resulted in challenging both trust in the goodness of God and the goodness of humanity. During the holocaust, it is believed that the bad and the evil survived while most of the righteous died. Hitler’s plan was to make the Jews extinct, however, due to the high demand of soldiers he had to utilize even the Jews in fighting his enemies. The good and righteous like th e rabbis could not corporate in such missions. This so their extermination in large numbers and most people after the war were left to wonder why God would allow the death of the innocent and leave out the betrayers f their faith and collaborators of evil. The holocaust made the world not to be the same and the trust on God has reduced. The holocaust left a blemish on creation and it may remain dormant since nobody knows when such evil events may occur again. This is because the aftermath of holocaust to many Jews and other affected religions or communities of the world has not healed. The holocaust in many instances defies meaning and also negates hope as traditional Jewish thought understands God as the author of history and therefore, the holocaust raises issues on how God could be a part of such an evil plan (Irving, 1982). Additionally, the holocaust threatened the survival of the Jewish and their religious belief. When so much evil is committed against a community that is so much attached to God, people tend to wonder where God is not responding and rescue them. The holocaust therefore made people have a closer examination in the religious beliefs and the faith they had in God was somehow affected in a negative way. The rational justification of faith in God who let innocent children due in such terror as they did in the death camps during the holocaust is impossible. Rabbi Irving Greenberg, a Jewish theologian claims that there is no statement, either theological or otherwise, that should be made and not be credible in the presence of burning children (Irving, 1982). This shows how the Jewish faith in God is affected as they see Him as an almighty God who protects the innocent. The actions of the Nazis were a demonstration of a religious failure where the Jewish expected God to save them or even the young children from the hands of the Germans but the so much wished for salvation was not forthcoming. This left them with questions on the ability of God in saving humanity and thus they see the holocaust time as the period when the Israelites covenant with God was broken. When the covenant was broken, the faith and trust they had in him declined. Therefore, the covenant needs to be repaired so tha t the Jewish can have trust they in God like they did before. The holocaust brought about secular Judaism. The idea put forward by Rubenstein that the God of history or an illusion went so deep in the heart of the Jewish (Rubenstein, 1999). A high percentage of the Israeli Zionist call themselves the secular Jews because even if the follow and practice the Jewish traditional cultural heritage, they do not associate themselves with the religious traditions of Judaism but consider themselves as atheists or agnostics. The secular Jewish in that case are more into existentialism and advocate for humanity. As Sartre puts it in Existentialism and Humanism that existentialism is a teaching and a doctrine that affirms that every truth and action imply on the environment and human subjectivity. Therefore, the teachings of existentialism are based on humanism and the way to live with one another like human. It is the existence of us in the world where we do no evil that can harm ourselves or the other humans. Bad faith as advocated by Sartre is when we try to avoid our freedom and we place ourselves in a false position. Like the secular Judaism group that has placed itself in a false position in the Judaism religion. They know they live in a meaningless world full of chaos and absurdity that creates a crisis like the holocaust (Sartre, 2000). Camus asks whether man should commit suicide when faced with the meaningless of life; when he demand meaning for the events that happen in the world and yet the world has no meaning. It is in such situations that the holocaust caused the corruption of the Jewish to the extent of committing religious suicide and deflected to what they called secular Judaism. Works Cited Irving Greenberg, â€Å"Religious Values after the Holocaust: A Jewish View,† in Jews and Christians after the Holocaust, ed. Abraham J. Peck (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1982), 76. JVL. An Introductory History of the Holocaust | Jewish Virtual Library.  Home | Jewish Virtual Library. 2013. Web. 17  Dec.  2013. Rubenstein, Richard. â€Å"After Auschwitz.† In Contemporary Jewish Theology: A Reader. Edited by Elliot N. Dorff and Louis E. Newman. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999. Sartre, Jean-Paul, and Stephen Priest.  Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings. New York: Routledge,  2000. Print. The Atheist Scholar: Existentialism.  Home: The Atheist Scholar. 2012.

The Importance Of A New Culture Enhance University...

To what extent does being in a new culture enhance the university experience? OUTLINE Introduction †¢ There are lots of people studying abroad. †¢ Different country’s university has different education system and academic backgrounds, student can gain different experiences during their overseas studying. †¢ Thesis statement: Studying abroad can improve student study skills and can broaden horizons I. Main Idea #1: Studying abroad which means students can contact with different culture that can rich students experience. A. Supporting points: †¢ Being in a different culture and academic backgrounds can influence on students’ intercultural adaptation and how can develop their independent learning. †¢ Individuals†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Restate Thesis: Studying abroad can improve student studying skills and broaden horizon. In recent years, more and more people studying abroad, international students are one important part of university classes. The increase in international student numbers reflect the importance of student studying overseas(Hellstà ©n and Prescott. 2002). Different country’s university has different education system and academic backgrounds, student can gain different experience during their overseas studying. The internationalization of education need student adaptation and changing their aspect to improve self-dependent and cultural awareness, most students travel to a lot of country when they stay at foreign university and contact as much as possible with native person to enhance language skills and cultural communication. So, studying abroad can improve student academic learning as well as broaden their horizons. There are some benefits of being different culture for university experience. First of all, studying abroad which means people can contact with different culture that can rich student’s experience. Staying at another cultures and different academic background provide an opportunity for international students, which can develop their independent learning and influence on students’ intercultural adaptation(Qing, Michele and Christopher, 2010). For most international students, â€Å"Going to university is a further step on a journey of self-discovery in which they are

Why Iasb Should Reopen Controversial Issues - 1559 Words

Whether IASB should reopen controversial issues in Chapter 1 and Chapter 3 I. Introduction The revision of the conceptual framework influences the controversial issues in the chapter one and chapter three about whether IASB should increase the status of stewardship or accountability, replace reliability into faithfully representation and remove the word ‘prudence’ which is one of the core quality principles in the previous conceptual framework. This essay is going to consider those three controversies to answer three question – the nature of the controversies, the reasonability of the IASB’s feedback against the criticisms and the solution towards the controversies. II. The controversial issues The answer to the question about the nature and the function of the company financial report has been attempted to be answered over the years. According to Alexander (2011), the conceptual framework for financial reporting (Conceptual framework) is defined as a scheme of systematic thinking which provide not only the definition but also the solution to accounting issues. Meanwhile, it is seen as a tool of help standard setter (IASB) to develop and revise reporting standards. It is a reference to prevent standard setter from confusion like fire fighting while they face accounting questions, for example if some item can be defined as asset. In fact, the status of the conceptual framework is higher than the specific standard and more precisely, it is seen as a guidance for

Sample Business Plan Free Essays

Business Plan CLK Corporation Food Industry Members: Claudine Aurellano Liza Gaston Kashka Lantion A. Name of Enterprise Krasi trofi? Once upon a Greek Bistro†¦ B. Location Bonifacio High Street Global City, Taguig City C. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Business Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Project Description Krasi trofi? (once upon a Greek Bistro†¦) will open at Bonifacio High Street(B1). The store is open from Monday to Sunday at 10AM to 10PM. It introduces an exquisite type of Greek Cuisine in the Philippines. It offers a Greek traditional way of fine dining, where customers can enjoy the customs of Greece like being introduced to the Greek superstitions, traditions, and holidays. The Bistro’s color scheme is blue and white since it’s the color of the national flag of Greece. Its advantage is the specialty dishes that are Greek inspired, as well as the fresh ingredients. D. Project Objective †¢ To introduce a new taste to Filipino customers. †¢ To introduce to Filipinos the traditions and cultural ways of Greeks. †¢ To attract future investors through the unique way of our business. In any business, the main goal is to earn profit. †¢ To be competitive in the food industry by producing income. E. Mission Statement Our product mission is to let our clients/target market experience the Greek way of living as well as satisfying their wants, needs, and expectations. Our economic mission is to gain profit and to expand the business as well as to achieve our set margins in order to have a stable business and to satisfy shareholders. Our social mission is to provide employment to Filipinos and give them a great opportunity of experiencing a different way of serving in a fine restaurant, in order for them to have an extraordinary skill in the future. Vision The company’s vision is for the next 3 years is to increase our profit to more than 50% of our current earnings. The business performance will also increase and attract other investors and shareholders. Gaining more investors will lead to the expansion of the business to greater markets. In those three years we intend to gain more clients that patronize our product and services. We, not only sell the products, but as well as the different yet wonderful experience in dining with us. F. Highlights of the Project †¢ Company’s History Greece is famous for their large appetite which is identical to the eating habits of Filipinos, that is why Krasi trofi? wanted to bring a new kind of cookery that is familiar as well in the Filipino culture. Greece is also known for its specialty ingredients like lambs, yogurts, olives, and wine that create remarkable dishes. Greece is also well-known for its lively entertainment and its superstitions and traditions that they practice up to now. Krasi trofi? would also illustrate a Greek Style of service that would bring excitement and satisfaction to its customers. Project time table and status †¢ Industry analysis †¢ Financial analysis †¢ Investment G. Major Suppositions Used and Summary of Findings †¢ Market Viability †¢ Technical Viability †¢ Financial Viability †¢ Socio-Economic Viability †¢ Management Viability H. Conclusion of the Study ‘ Chapter II Market Study A. Product Description Krasi trofi? is a fine dining Greek Bistro that caters dishes like Fricasse (arn-nee free-cah-seh), a stew lamb made with spinach, Sadziki (tsa-tsi-key): Yogurt, cucumber and garlic, and salt. It is great on fresh Greek bread. Those are few of the cuisines that we offer. Our dishes are both Greek and Filipino-inspired that interest more customers. B. Demand and Supply Demand  refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. The quantity demanded is the amount of a product people are willing to buy at a certain price; the relationship between price and quantity demanded is known as the demand relationship. Supply  represents how much the market can offer. The quantity supplied refers to the amount of a certain good producers are willing to supply when receiving a certain price. The correlation between price and how much of a good or service is supplied  to the market is known as the supply relationship. Price, therefore, is a reflection of supply and demand. C. Demand and Supply analysis The analysis of demand and supply depends on how the relationship is doing. For example, if the demand is high and the supply remains constant, the price therefore will increase. It is because there is a scarcity of supply; therefore there is a limited number of product/service that can be purchased so people who can only afford the product can buy it. And when the demand is lower than the supply, then the price would decrease because the company should be able to produce and sell all the supplies in order to gain back their capital. Price, therefore, is a reflection of supply and demand. D. List of competitors CYMA Greek Taverna Manos Greek Taverna E. Study on Product, Place and Promotion (Needs geographic, survey and demographic) F. Marketing program How to cite Sample Business Plan, Papers

The Chrysanthemums Essay Research Paper Page 1In free essay sample

The Chrysanthemums Essay, Research Paper Page 1 In John Steinbeck s narrative The Chrysanthemums he makes the narrative really interesting with his use of puting, local colour, and the word picture he uses. Steinbeck wrote The Chrysanthemums as portion of a aggregation of narratives in The Long Valley in 1938. Steinbeck who is of Irish and German lineage was born in Salinas, Monterey County, California. Steinbeck periodically attended Stanford University from 1920 to 1925 but neer received his grade because he decided to travel on to the unrural canons of New York to go a author, which he liked to make in his trim clip. Steinbeck became really known for Hagiographas such as The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men. In the narrative of The Chrysanthemums Steinbeck describes a puting much like he grew up in. He describes the Salinas Valley were he grew up and says how The high Grey # 8211 ; flannel fog of winter stopping points off the Salinas Valley ( 294 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Chrysanthemums Essay Research Paper Page 1In or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Steinbeck besides describes the air stating how it is cold and stamp ( 294 ) and how a light air blows from the sou-west ( 294 ) . When Steinbeck starts to depict the characters of the narrative like Elisa Allen, her hubby Henry, and the tinker he uses a choice pick of words like on page 295 when he says her figure looked blocked and heavy in her horticulture costume. Steinbeck besides talks about her ball # 8211 ; hopper places ( 295 ) . Stein beck doesn T truly state much about Henry but if you look deep into the narrative you can state that they don Ts have a good matrimony. Towards the center of the narrative when the tinker shows up and him and Elisa get to speaking you can see she is flattered Page 2 by the things he tells her. She is so flattered because she doesn t hear these types of things from her hubby. While her and the tinker are speaking you about acquire a sense of them acquiring sexual with each other. The manner that they refer to some things and the manner Elisa reaches for the tinkers leg on page 299. If you look deep into the talk of the chrysanthemums on page 298 you about acquire a sense of them speaking about kid birth. The manner they refer to the manner they bloom ( 298 ) and the manner Steinbeck speaks of the budding ( 298 ) and the attention that they have to be given. Steinbeck uses many interesting manners in his Hagiographas. Styles manner different from any other writer, his use of imagination, puting, local colour, and word picture get deeper and deeper as you read more of his narratives. The more you understand these styles the more interesting Steinbecks plants are. Page 3 Plants Cited Covici, Pascal Jr. The Portable Steinbeck. The Viking Press ; N. Y. , 1971 Barnet, Sylvan. et.al. An Introduction to Literature. Addison Wesley Longman ; N.Y. , 1997

Advanced Diploma of Leadership Management for Employment Law

Question: Discuss about theAdvanced Diploma of Leadership Management for Employment Law. Answer: 1. The legislative areas that the companys development may need to address are; Employment law Consumer protection Fair competition law. It is imperative that the company observe regulatory and legislative context in its development plan to avoid running into legal battles in court and administrative actions that may be taken by the concerned authorities as a result of unlawful actions emanating from the developed plan. Q.2 There is a need to incorporate culture into the companys development plan because the company needs to forge a united front in executing its services to the customers. There has to be uniformity in terms of services received by customers across the stores and platforms of the company. To do this the company can consider offering trainings to all employees and also reward those who implement company culture while serving clients Q3. To create sense of urgency into the development plan the company should incorporate timelines and key milestones that should be met within certain reasonable period of time. The plan can also contain a provision where the staffs of the company receive constant communication regarding what has been able to be achieved to encourage employees to continue implementing the plan. Q.4 The Company can develop a real time chart displayed across all its stores and online platforms indicating where the company is at in terms of the plan implementation and whats being done at that moment. The Company can also provide suggestion boxes where staff can drop their feedback regarding the progress being made in terms of the implementation of the development plan. Q5. Participation and support from managers can be enhanced through allocating each one of them a duty in the implementation of the companys development plan. This is very important as it will determine the success of the plan. Q6. To manage conflict within the companys development team, I can use brainstorming method from all the team members. This will shade more light on the issue being discussed and eliciting different opinions. The more the issue becomes clearer the lesser the divergence of opinions amongst the development team. I can also use try to strike a balance in the issue being discussed so that everyone can feel accommodated in one way or another. I may also ask those with conflicting ideas to make a presentation to the whole team and answer any questions that may arise from the team then ask the whole team to vote for the best idea based presentation made and their own understanding. Q.7 To evaluate effectiveness of my development plan, I will observe its outcome compared to the expectations of the company. The final outcome of the implementation of the plan should be same as the expected or bear close resemblance to show that the plan is effective. Q8. Sensitivity training can be used to sensitize members of the development team to be respectful of other people ideas and accommodate every member in the best way possible such that everyone in the team has voice and can be heard. This way the dynamics of the group can be enhanced and increase chances of success. Task 2 Development plan 1.0Introduction Australian hardware is a company that deals with a wide range of quality hardware materials in Australia. The company has 150 strategically located physical stores across the country as well as an online platform where customers can search for the products they want online then purchase them through the internet. There has been a problem regarding sales being made through online platforms and those done through the physical store channels across company entire network branch. There is variation in terms of prices of the same commodities in physical stores and online platform. This has brought up a number of issues among the staff members ranging from demoralization to poor customer service especially to those clients who purchase items online then visit the store for after sale support. Although there is a hotline where those clients who purchase through online platform can access after sale services, many of them prefer to be assisted by someone they can see at one of the physical s tores, but end up receiving poor customer service or outrightly denied the same by the staff at the physical outlets. In view of the aforementioned, the management has decided to come up with a development plan to integrate all the company business operations, that is the physical outlets and the online platform business operation into one platform with uniform prices among other desired attributes. This paper will therefore attempt to come up with the intended developed plan as envisaged by the management of the Australian hardware. 2.0Goals and objective The company aims to achieve an annual sales growth of 15% over the next five years as well as invest in business strategies that will support the companys growth in long term period. In so doing the company aims to integrate its online and physical stores business operation such that it achieves the following attributes; Uniform pricing for all items in both physical stores and online platform. Integration of customer sales records between online system and physical stores such that an authorized retail sales staff can be able to access this information regardless of where they were made as well as recording them for the purposes of evaluating his or her score on key performance indicators. Integration of retail outlet staff into online sales system by including them in online support hotline roster. Allocating online sales budget to the nearest store such that any online sale made is attributed to one branch that is closest to it. 3.0Measure of success The key measure of success is attaining uniformity in the prices of items both online and at the stores. Another key measure of success is attainment of level customer service for both clients who purchase products online and that there are no apparent competing interests between the companys online business operation and through the stores. 4.0Roles and responsibilities The following are the key personalities that will be responsible for the successful implementation of the project. Human resource manager Answering directly to the senior management team, HR manager will be in-charge of identifying knowledge and skills gap within the organization and developing training materials and course for imparting the identified missing skills and competencies needed for full implementation of the development plan. ICT Manager- Reporting directly to senior management team, the ICT manager is responsible for actual upgrading of the system such that the pricing is constant for all items either in stores or as displayed online. The ICT manger should work closely with the Finance manager to get details on the pricing of the commodities. The incumbent will also be responsible for developing user friendly shopping interfaces such that customers can easily view and purchase products online. Retail store managers Answering directly to the Managing Director: Business operation, retail store managers will be responsible the overall implementation of the plan at their respective stores. They will be in-charge of assigning duties to different staffs according to competencies and skills possessed by respective members of staff. The incumbent will also be responsible for ensuring culture change at their respective store such that customers will receive standard treatment depending on whether they are returning clients who purchase through online platform. Store sales clerk Reporting directly to the Retail store managers, the clerks will be responsible for actual implementation of the plan by serving all clients as indicated in the companys service level agreement (SLA). Managing Director: Business operations- Reporting directly to the senior management team, the incumbent will be responsible for the overall implementation of the plan. (Lewis, 2011) 5.0Stakeholders Key stakeholders that need to be consulted; Sales clerks at the store- They deem the online platform a threat to their jobs so they need to be persuaded otherwise by assuring them of their job security. Clients They want to buy items online as they know its cheap but wants after sale service to be done in person by the stores sales clerk. They need to be informed on the essence of streamlining the business for growth and development purposes as well as improving the customer service level. Investors They want more profit but reluctant on expenditure as they view this as eating into their profit. They need to be persuaded on the need of the capital outlay in integrating business operation for long term growth and development of the company. 6.0Communication strategy The company will communicate to its clerks at the store through their Retail store manager. The retail store manager will be convening weekly meetings amongst his or her staff at the branch to communicate how the plan is going to be implemented at the branch level. The manager will also list the importance of all the business operation strategies and how they are going to benefit the branch or the outlet as whole and to take away their jobs. The company will also communicate to clients through press releases and outlining their plan through its website for clients to read at their own pleasure. This information will also contain reasons why the prices at the physical shops ad those of the online platforms are now same and the benefits clients will get as a result of this change. (Burke, 2013) The senior management will communicate with the investors and shareholders on the need to spend company resources to integrate the business operation through conducting a meeting with them. 7.0Feedback collecting method The feedback on the progress of the implementation project can be obtained through a number of ways; For clerks at various stores the will be suggestion boxes where they can drop any form of feedback anonymously whether negative or positive without fear of reprisal. The clerks can also provide their feedback during the weekly meeting with their respective Retail store manager. On the other hand clients can leave a comment at the bottom of every item they are concerned about or contact the company through provided phone call numbers or email address. Shareholders can write directly to the senior management team raising any issue of concern to them or complimenting the company on the good progress of the implementation project. They can also request a meeting if they feel their issues can be handled well when the senior management convenes a meeting. (Lewis, 2011) Milestones Below is the Gantt diagram to show key milestone. Month / Milestone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Development of online software to accommodate changes Development and implementation of training needs and content Installation of the software and actual implementation of the plan Feedback and continued assessment and improvement Required resources To implement this project the company will need skilled human resources who can interact with the new system well and be able to help customers where necessary. The company will also need funds to purchase the required software to integrate both the online and physical stores business operation. Funds will also be needed for conducting training to all the employees on the new system and ensuring there is culture change at the organization. Risk assessment The company may run into a risk of not being able to fully persuade her sales clerks at the stores that integrating online business with the store business does not mean enhancing online business which will eventually phase them out of their work. The customers may also become apprehensive of the new prices especially if the online platform prices are increased to match the store prices. This may lead to reading in sales revenues. (Burke, 2013) Evaluation Evaluating the development plan in terms of costs, benefits and potential risks, it is evident that the company will benefit more as a result of the integration of the business operation since it is a long term project that will continually help the company streamline its business for long period of time. The potential risks identified are manageable and can be brought under control as soon as they arise by devising ways that mitigate on them. References Burke, R. (2013).Project management. Chichester: Wiley. Lewis, J. (2011).Project planning scheduling control. New York: McGraw-Hill.